United States
Articles about United States from The Crisis (1910-1934)
United States (286 articles)
Articles from The Crisis that focus on United States.
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| Date | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1910 (Nov) | Agitation | Argues agitation, though painful, is necessary to expose and cure race prejudice and restore justice. |
| 1910 (Nov) | The Crisis | Inaugurates The Crisis to expose race prejudice, defend American democracy, and promote tolerance, reason, and justice. |
| 1910 (Nov) | Voting | Urges Black voters to cast independent ballots to defend democracy and resist disfranchisement. |
| 1910 (Dec) | N.A.A.C.P. | Urges resistance to race prejudice through print, lectures, research and relief to defend democracy and Black rights. |
| 1910 (Dec) | Advice | Condemns silence on lynching, exposing racial prejudice that silences Black grievance and undermines justice. |
| 1910 (Dec) | The Inevitable | Denounces racial ‘inevitability’—arguing that treating people by skin color is criminal injustice and social danger. |
| 1911 (Jan) | ‘Ashamed’ | Rebukes claims that Black demands for dignity mean shame of race, arguing race pride drives the struggle for freedom. |
| 1911 (Jan) | Envy | Critiques labeling Black leaders’ disagreements as ‘envy,’ arguing race leadership debates deserve principled scrutiny. |
| 1911 (Jan) | Except Servants | Critiques racial prejudice that welcomes ‘servants’ but excludes Black people, exposing caste and labor bias. |
| 1911 (Jan) | Allies | Critiques U.S. racial injustice, showing hypocrisy when others gain rights abroad while Black citizens are denied democracy |
| 1911 (Jan) | Discrimination | Condemns race-based segregation as dehumanizing, a caste undermining democracy, education, and civil life. |
| 1911 (Jan) | The Flag | Condemns States’ rights as shielding racial terror—arguing federal action is needed to protect Black citizens. |
| 1911 (Feb) | Pink Franklin | Lambastes racial injustice in Pink Franklin’s commuted sentence, exposing Southern law bowed to mob prejudice. |
| 1911 (Feb) | Lynching | Argues lynching stems from racial contempt and lawlessness that cheapens Black life and threatens democracy. |
| 1911 (Feb) | Races | Argues modern science exposes race myths, urging education and civic reform to erase supposed racial hierarchies. |
| 1911 (Mar) | The Blair Bill | Urges revival of the Blair Bill, arguing federal education aid is essential for democracy and racial justice. |
| 1911 (Mar) | Politeness | Argues that racial codes of politeness impose costs, urging Black dignity and condemning white hypocrisy. |
| 1911 (Mar) | The World in Council | Praises the First Universal Races Congress as a moral victory for race equality and condemns U.S. racial policy. |
| 1911 (Apr) | Knowledge | Rebukes Southern "knowledge," using census data on suicide and nervous disease to expose false racial claims. |
| 1911 (Apr) | Mr. Taft | Condemns Taft’’s race policies, rejecting Southern guardianship over Black education, voting rights and justice. |
| 1911 (May) | Violations of Property Rights | Shows how race prejudice, municipal policy, wage bias and mob/legal violence violate Black property rights. |
| 1911 (May) | The Census | Argues in The Crisis (1911) that Census data debunk white supremacy, showing Black growth and economic progress redefine race and democracy. |
| 1911 (May) | The Quadroon | Champions humanity beyond race, using lyrical praise of mixed heritage to critique white supremacy and defend democracy. |
| 1911 (Jun) | Education | Argues that education and philanthropy must restrain profit-driven business to preserve labor and democracy. |
| 1911 (Jun) | Education | Urges national education reform, exposing how racial inequality and weak schools betray American democracy. |
| 1911 (Jun) | The Sin Against the Holy Ghost | Argues deceit for political gain is the unforgivable sin, corroding Black humanity, race dignity, and democracy. |
| 1912 (Jan) | A Mild Suggestion | Presents a biting satirical dialogue in The Crisis (Jan 1912) examining ‘solutions’ to the Negro problem, contrasting reform talk with violence. |
| 1912 (Jan) | Organized Labor | Shows organized labor excluding Black workers and white-supremacist union tactics, urging labor to serve humanity. |
| 1912 (Feb) | China | Argues in The Crisis (1912) that China’s revolution reveals humane modernity and fights white supremacy, challenging Crisis-era racial narratives. |
| 1912 (Feb) | The Gall of Bitterness | Argues in The Crisis (Feb. 1912) that bitter truth, not sugarcoated wit, reveals racial antagonism, combats lynching myths, and demands justice. |
| 1912 (Mar) | Brother Baptis’ on Woman Suffrage | Jonas, Rosalie in The Crisis (1912) examines how woman suffrage intersects with race, arguing Black women face shared oppression and illusory freedom. |
| 1912 (Mar) | The Justice of Woman Suffrage | Terrell, Mary Church in The Crisis (1912) argues for woman suffrage as a racial and moral justice, condemning opposition even among Black men. |
| 1912 (Apr) | In God’s Gardens | Argues for North–South unity and an interracial future, urging democracy beyond fear and prejudice. |
| 1912 (Apr) | Of Children | Argues that children symbolize democracy’s future and moral responsibility, urging society to protect and nurture youth. |
| 1912 (Apr) | Vital Statistics | Debunks a white-supremacist claim about Black mortality in The Crisis (1912), documenting declining Negro death rates with census data. |
| 1912 (May) | The Negro Church | Analyzes the Negro church’s leadership, arguing for honest, educated ministers and active programs in education and social uplift. |
| 1912 (May) | The Second Birthday | Argues in The Crisis that a Black press is vital for race publicity and democracy, urging support despite financial struggle. |
| 1912 (Jun) | The Truth | (The Crisis) demands a Renaissance of truth, exposing press silences and misrepresentations of Black life, race, and democracy. |
| 1913 (Jan) | Emancipation | Condemns post-Emancipation rollback, arguing for a national fight for race, democracy, education and labor rights. |
| 1913 (Feb) | Intermarriage | Condemns anti-miscegenation laws as racist, degrading to Black women and a threat to justice and social decency. |
| 1913 (Feb) | Civil Rights | Denounces the Supreme Court’s repeal of civil-rights protections, arguing it exposes a racial betrayal of American democracy |
| 1913 (Mar) | An Open Letter to Woodrow Wilson | Urges Woodrow Wilson to defend Black civil rights—voting, education, labor access—and end lynching to save democracy. |
| 1913 (Mar) | The Fruit of the Tree | Condemns rhetoric of Black subservience as causing disenfranchisement, segregation and lynching, and calls for resistance. |
| 1913 (Apr) | Easter-Emancipation 1863-1913 | Mourns Black sacrifice since 1863 and affirms hard-won freedom, memory, and the cost of race and liberation. |
| 1913 (Apr) | The Church and the Negro | Faults the church for promoting racial injustice, exposing Christian hypocrisy and urging labor, education, moral reform. |
| 1913 (May) | The Vigilance Committee: A Call To Arms | Urges federating local vigilance committees into NAACP branches to combat racial discrimination via law, education, and civic action. |
| 1913 (Jun) | Education | Warns democracy is at risk unless lynching, disfranchisement and racial discrimination are confronted. |
| 1913 (Jun) | Logic | Argues race prejudice inevitably leads to disenfranchisement, lynching, and attacks on Black property and education. |
| 1913 (Jun) | The Next Step | Urges lasting NAACP organization to track and defeat anti-Black intermarriage bill sponsors at primaries. |
| 1913 (Jun) | The Strength of Segregation | Warns segregation will forge Black racial unity and strength, undermining white supremacy and reshaping American democracy. |
| 1913 (Nov) | Another Open Letter to Woodrow Wilson | Denounces federal segregation, warns Wilson this assault on race, democracy, and votes will cost political support. |
| 1914 (Jan) | Join or Die | Urges Black Americans to join the NAACP, mobilize against racial prejudice, and defend democracy. |
| 1914 (Jan) | Free, White and Twenty One | Urges “free, white and twenty-one” citizens to join the NAACP, arguing race prejudice endangers democracy and labor. |
| 1914 (Jan) | The Song of the Smoke | Makes ‘smoke’ a black emblem of industrial labor, exposing race, toil, and modernity’s moral costs. |
| 1914 (Jan) | College Education | Urges Black families to pursue rigorous college education as the path to racial freedom and dignified labor. |
| 1914 (Jan) | The Alleged Failure of Democracy | Argues Reconstruction’s alleged failure is a fiction: Black enfranchisement built public education and advanced democracy. |
| 1914 (Feb) | Don’t Be Bitter | Rejects pleas to ‘’not be bitter,’’ arguing Black Americans’’ calm demands for voting rights, racial justice, and dignity. |
| 1914 (Mar) | A Little Play | Satirizes racial prejudice, exposing how claims of ‘inferiority’ deny equality and humane treatment. |
| 1914 (Mar) | Lynching | Exposes how suppressed reporting masks lynching’s rise, documenting race-based violence and challenging ineffective reforms. |
| 1914 (Apr) | Brazil | Rebukes Roosevelt, defending Brazil’s racial fusion and warning U.S. racism fuels poverty, lynching, and undermines democracy. |
| 1914 (Apr) | Veiled Insults | Exposes refusal to capitalize Negro as a racial insult, critiquing supposed egalitarian rhetoric. |
| 1914 (May) | A Question of Policy and The Philosophy of Mr. Dole | Rejects conciliatory friends whose silence enables lynching and racial injustice, demanding Black democracy and voting rights. |
| 1914 (Jun) | Mexico | Warns a war on Mexico would be racialized imperialism—exploiting labor, dishonoring democracy and civilization. |
| 1914 (Jun) | The Election | Criticizes parties for ignoring 500,000 Black voters, arguing race and democracy force political reckoning. |
| 1914 (Jun) | Murder | Shows how race prejudice fuels nationwide violence and unusually high murder rates, exposing a moral crisis. |
| 1914 (Jun) | Negro | Argues that capitalizing Negro asserts racial respect and public recognition against dismissive usage. |
| 1914 (Jun) | Supreme Court | Calls on the Supreme Court to reject grandfather clauses, Jim Crow and peonage to protect Black rights. |
| 1914 (Jun) | William Monroe Trotter | Praises William Monroe Trotter’s fearless defense of Black equality and criticizes Wilson’s paternalistic race views. |
| 1915 (Jan) | Education | Condemns vocational limits on Black education as deliberate attack on race, democracy, and full intellectual development. |
| 1915 (Feb) | The Lynching Industry | Documents the 1914 lynching industry, exposing racial violence and the hypocrisy undermining American democracy. |
| 1915 (Feb) | The President | Sharply criticizes President Wilson’s insincere, Jim-Crow-promoting stance that betrays race and democracy. |
| 1915 (Mar) | Organization | 1915 urges Black Americans to emulate Jewish organization, arguing race uplift needs education, charity and civic unity. |
| 1915 (Mar) | The White Christ | Criticizes white Christianity’s wartime hypocrisy and praises the democratic, inclusive Negro church. |
| 1915 (Mar) | The Grandfather Clause | Exposes the Grandfather Clause as a racist tool undermining Black democracy, education, and labor rights. |
| 1915 (Mar) | Hayti | Urges America to save Hayti, defend Black sovereignty and democracy, and oppose imperialist graft. |
| 1915 (Mar) | Other Organizations | Defends documenting NAACP civil‑rights actions in detail as its organ, while pledging fair coverage of others. |
| 1915 (Mar) | Preparedness | Argues that true national preparedness requires ending lynching and securing racial justice under law. |
| 1915 (Apr) | The Immediate Program of the American Negro | Demands full political, industrial, and social equality, urging law reform, education, labor action, and organization. |
| 1915 (Apr) | Hayti | Condemns U.S. intervention in Hayti as racist imperialism, calling citizens to protest and defend sovereignty. |
| 1915 (May) | The Republicans | Exposes how Republican Party rules quietly disfranchised Southern Black delegates, undermining democracy and race justice. |
| 1915 (May) | The Risk of Woman Suffrage | Kelly Miller in The Crisis (1915) argues against woman suffrage, claiming it threatens social harmony and that gender differences make women unfit for politics. |
| 1915 (May) | We Come of Age | Celebrates five years of the Black press’s growth, achieving self-support and securing the editor’s salary. |
| 1915 (May) | Woman Suffrage | Rebukes anti-suffrage claims and affirms that women’s labor, equality, and democratic rights require the vote. |
| 1915 (Jun) | Lusitania | Condemns World War I as the unveiling of Western racial and imperial hypocrisy, affirming Black moral vindication. |
| 1915 (Jun) | An Open Letter | Storey, Moorfield in The Crisis (1915) argues for justice, denouncing Southern disfranchisement and school neglect of Black Americans. |
| 1916 (Feb) | That Capital ‘N’ | Argues that capitalizing Negro affirms racial dignity and rejects a legacy of slavery and editorial bias. |
| 1916 (Mar) | Brandeis | Argues Brandeis’s nomination brings a minority, labor‑friendly voice to the Supreme Court to advance race and democracy. |
| 1916 (Mar) | The Negro Public School | Attacks racialized public education, arguing vocational training enforces caste and undermines democracy. |
| 1916 (Mar) | The Battle of Europe | Argues WWI exposes Western civilization’s brutality, prompting racial pride, democratic change, and cultural renewal. |
| 1916 (Mar) | The Colored Audience | Urges Black audiences to cultivate intelligent appreciation, linking race, culture and education to uplift colored theater. |
| 1916 (Mar) | Conduct, Not Color | Argues race, not just conduct, shapes Black advancement and exposes limits of color-blind claims. |
| 1916 (Apr) | The Church | Criticizes the white church’s hypocrisy and urges the Black church to lead democratic social uplift. |
| 1916 (Apr) | The Negro Party | Urges Black voters to form a Negro Party—vote as a unit to win political power and racial justice. |
| 1916 (Apr) | The Presidential Campaign | Condemns Democratic betrayal of Black voters and warns Republicans like Hughes will offer neglect, not justice. |
| 1916 (May) | To the Rescue | Criticizes U.S. policy as Black troops fight to defend white liberties abroad, urging race-based self-defense and rights. |
| 1916 (May) | Mr. Hughes | Warns Republican promises won’t buy Black votes; demands specific racial and democratic commitments from Hughes. |
| 1916 (May) | Presidential Candidates | NAACP in The Crisis (1916) argues candidates must state positions on lynching, disfranchisement and segregation to guide Black voters. |
| 1916 (Jun) | Consolation | Exposes how gendered discrimination in medicine reveals racial hypocrisy and entrenched white supremacy. |
| 1916 (Jun) | Muddle | Argues NAACP must teach political education so Black voters demand candidates’ positions to defend democracy |
| 1916 (Jun) | Refinement and Love | Urges culture, refinement, and love for racial uplift but warns Black freedom may demand grim, violent struggle. |
| 1917 (Feb) | The Present | Urges the American Negro to fight in war and seize industrial, labor and civic openings to build a colorless democracy. |
| 1917 (Feb) | Roosevelt | Praises Theodore Roosevelt’s stand against East St. Louis violence and condemns national hypocrisy on lynching and democracy. |
| 1917 (Mar) | Awake America | Urges America to end lynching, disenfranchisement and Jim Crow at home to honestly defend democracy abroad. |
| 1917 (Mar) | The Black Bastille | Condemns America’s ‘Black Bastille’ of racial prejudice that undermines democracy and demands its abolition. |
| 1917 (Mar) | More Suggestions | Urges Black industrial cooperation—organize businesses and distribution to create jobs and resist racial inequality. |
| 1917 (Apr) | The Perpetual Dilemma | Urges Black Americans to accept a separate officer training camp to secure military leadership and racial progress. |
| 1917 (Apr) | Consecration | Urges consecration to business and industry, training children for democratic labor to avert social chaos. |
| 1917 (May) | Loyalty | Rebukes Southern claims of Black disloyalty, defending Black patriotism, migration, and claims to democracy. |
| 1917 (May) | Naval Ruler | Criticizes military imperialism: naval officers govern colonies without training in democratic governance or social needs. |
| 1917 (Jun) | Resolutions of the Washington Conference | Urges Black Americans to join the war effort and demands race justice: voting, education, end to lynching and Jim Crow. |
| 1917 (Jun) | We Should Worry | Warns white leaders: Black military service or mass industrial migration will boost Black labor power and curb lynching |
| 1917 (Jun) | Baker | Praises Secretary Baker’s fair treatment of Black troops and demands a second officers’ training camp to expand Negro officers |
| 1918 (Jan) | Thirteen | Praises the NAACP as the most effective defender of Black civil rights, fighting disenfranchisement, segregation, lynching. |
| 1918 (Jan) | Thirteen | Condemns racial injustice: thirteen Black soldiers executed while white perpetrators go free, attacking American justice. |
| 1918 (Jan) | Close Ranks | Calls on Black Americans to close ranks, set aside grievances, and defend democracy against German militarism. |
| 1918 (Jan) | The Common School | Calls for national aid to democratic common schools: focus on reading, writing, arithmetic and racial representation. |
| 1918 (Jan) | Philanthropy and Self Help | Urges Black self-help: as philanthropy wanes, Black communities must fund universities to sustain education and democracy. |
| 1918 (Feb) | Negro Education | Blasts Jones’ effort to confine Negro education to industrial labor, demanding college access, representation and reform. |
| 1918 (Feb) | The Railroads | Argues federal control of railroads can end Jim Crow, open union jobs to Black workers, and strengthen Black democracy. |
| 1918 (Feb) | Food | Urges Black Americans to reduce meat and embrace vegetables for wartime thrift, health, and racial uplift. |
| 1918 (Feb) | Help Us to Help | Urges redress of racial grievances—better travel, equal aid, suppression of lynching, securing democracy and war loyalty. |
| 1918 (Feb) | A Philosophy in Time of War | Urges Black Americans to fight for democracy abroad while demanding justice, citizenship, and racial equality at home. |
| 1918 (Mar) | Crime | Condemns white Methodist leaders’ bid to expel 350,000 Black members as a racial crime and church hypocrisy. |
| 1918 (Mar) | Our Special Grievances | Praises Black wartime loyalty, urging temporary deference of grievances while demanding eventual full civil rights. |
| 1918 (Mar) | The Reward | Argues Black wartime loyalty has won citizenship, labor gains, and steps against segregation and lynching. |
| 1918 (Apr) | Attention | Calls on educated Black men to join the 92nd Division’s field artillery, filling technical, leadership, and labor roles. |
| 1918 (Apr) | The Boy Over There | Mourns Black youth lost in WWI and calls the race to support its soldiers, condemning neglect and moral cowardice. |
| 1918 (Apr) | School | Urges keeping Black children in school, arguing education — not child labor — ensures racial progress. |
| 1918 (Apr) | The Slaughter of the Innocents | Condemns Black infant mortality, urging public-health, nutrition, and racial-justice reforms. |
| 1918 (May) | Co-Operation | Advocates cooperative economics as Black labor’s path to industrial emancipation and racial economic empowerment. |
| 1918 (May) | The Oath of the Negro Voter | Calls Black voters to protect the ballot, demand enfranchisement, justice, and democratic reform via the NAACP. |
| 1919 (Jan) | Jim Crow | Analyzes Jim Crow’’s paradox: segregation undermines rights yet spurs Black institutions, urging race unity and prudence. |
| 1919 (Jan) | Reconstruction | Calls for Negro reconstruction: integrate schools, build church-led economic co-ops, expand Black labor and political power. |
| 1919 (Mar) | Forward | Urges Black readers to study labor struggles, public-utility ownership, and global fights for democracy and worker rule. |
| 1919 (Apr) | For What | Contrasts Parisian decency with U.S. racism and urges Black Americans to join European democracy. |
| 1919 (Apr) | The War History | Urges readers to preserve records documenting Black soldiers’ labor, service, and race relations in WWI. |
| 1919 (May) | Patriotism | Argues WWI forged a new patriotism—Americans now fight for democracy, justice, and labor rights. |
| 1919 (May) | Soldiers | Documents Black soldiers’ valor abroad and demands equal military rank, commissioned officers, and racial justice at home. |
| 1919 (May) | My Mission | Recounts organizing a Pan‑African Congress in Paris to press race, rights and League of Nations action for Black democracy. |
| 1919 (May) | Returning Soldiers | Returns from war to demand racial justice, condemning lynching, disenfranchisement, and economic theft. |
| 1919 (May) | To Mr. Emmett Scott | Demands that Emmett Scott answer why Black soldiers faced mistreatment in France, exposing racial failures in the military. |
| 1919 (May) | Social Equality | Rebukes white panic over social equality, arguing Black aims are voting, education and civil rights. |
| 1919 (May) | A Statement | Declares a critical racial moment, urging lawful resistance, NAACP organizing, and a fight against Jim Crow. |
| 1919 (Jun) | Peace | Calls for a postwar reckoning—after WWI’s blood and terror, nations must choose peace, healing, and democracy. |
| 1919 (Jun) | An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War | Chronicles Black soldiers’ WWI service—labor, leadership struggles, and racial injustice challenging American democracy. |
| 1920 (Feb) | Coöperation | Urges Black cooperative stores—profit-sharing by purchase—to protect Black labor and resist corporate trusts. |
| 1920 (Feb) | Danger | Warns that a bill making ‘racial’ appeals unmailable would silence Black voices and endanger democracy. |
| 1920 (Feb) | Leadership | Condemns imperialist leadership - England and Wilson - for betraying democracy, racial justice, and labor in the League. |
| 1920 (Mar) | Just Like categories: - “War & Military” —Folks | Exposes postwar hypocrisy: U.S. betrayal of democracy, repression of labor and Black veterans, and racial double standards. |
| 1920 (Mar) | Woman Suffrage | Urges Black women to organize, study laws, register, and prepare for suffrage to defend democracy and race rights. |
| 1920 (Mar) | Forward | Urges in The Crisis (1920) a renewed NAACP campaign against lynching, Jim Crow, and for the Black ballot and racial democracy. |
| 1920 (Mar) | How Shall We Vote | Warns GOP and Democrats uphold Jim Crow; urges Black voters to elect congressional allies to defend race and democracy. |
| 1920 (Mar) | The Rise of the West Indian | Shows how rising West Indian migration creates new Black political consciousness, labor demands, and race solidarity. |
| 1920 (Apr) | Haiti | Condemns the U.S. occupation of Haiti as illegal racist repression that kills and deposes officials, denying Haitian democracy. |
| 1920 (May) | White Co-Workers | Defends interracial NAACP leadership, arguing cooperation with whites advances racial justice and American democracy. |
| 1920 (Jun) | Presidential Candidates | Catalogs 17 presidential candidates’’ stances on lynching, Jim Crow, schools and voting—exposing political silence. |
| 1920 (Jul) | Latin | Defends Latin in Black education, warning that dropping classics isolates schools and denies college access. |
| 1920 (Jul) | Soldiers | Condemns Army racial exclusion, urging organized Black units and Negro officers to secure military equality. |
| 1920 (Aug) | The Task | Says Shillady’s resignation exposes entrenched white opposition and limits NAACP methods, urging national action on race. |
| 1920 (Oct) | Triumph | Celebrates woman suffrage as a democratic triumph and links opposition to lynching, child labor, and racial injustice. |
| 1920 (Nov) | Pity the Poor Author | Rebukes those who expect free books, defending authors’ labor, costs, and the dignity of literary work. |
| 1920 (Nov) | Progress | Says Black selfhood, education, labor organizing and business enterprise fueled rapid racial progress since emancipation. |
| 1920 (Nov) | The Social Equality of Whites and Blacks | Defends social equality as a democratic right for all races while advising against interracial marriage in America today. |
| 1920 (Dec) | And Now Liberia | Denounces Wilson Plan as financial imperialism, rigid US terms and white control threaten Liberian sovereignty and democracy. |
| 1921 (Jan) | Political Rebirth and the Office Seeker | Urges Black voters to convert growing political power into deeds: federal anti-lynching, end Jim Crow, universal education. |
| 1921 (Jan) | The Negro and Radical Thought | Urges Negro emancipation and labor solidarity at home, warning against uncritical embrace of Russian socialism. |
| 1921 (Feb) | Reduced Representation in Congress | Urges reducing Southern congressional seats under the 14th Amendment to punish disfranchisement and defend democracy. |
| 1921 (Feb) | The Class Struggle | Rejects revolution; argues Black race needs economic democracy—banks, capital and education to secure labor rights. |
| 1921 (Feb) | Lynchings and Mobs | Warns that segregating high schools undermines democracy, fosters racial hatred, and weakens education. |
| 1921 (Feb) | Of Problems | Criticizes racial double standards that deny Black social equality, voting rights and self‑defense. |
| 1921 (Feb) | The Lynching Bill | Condemns lynching as wholesale murder, urging federal action to defend law, democracy, and Black lives. |
| 1921 (Feb) | Vicious Provisions of a Great Bill | Lambasts a federal education bill that would cement racial schooling inequity and encourage lynching and peonage. |
| 1921 (Feb) | The World and Us | Argues in The Crisis (1921) that U.S. race caste, lynching, land monopoly and suppression of speech are pushing American democracy backward. |
| 1921 (Mar) | Bleeding Ireland | Argues English repression of Ireland mirrors U.S. racial violence, showing oppressed peoples used to police labor and race. |
| 1921 (Mar) | About Pugilists | Exposes racial hypocrisy in boxing—condemning outrage at Jack Johnson while lynching goes unprotested. |
| 1921 (Mar) | Railroad Unions | Condemns railroad unions for racist, exclusionary labor monopolies that harm workers and democracy. |
| 1921 (Mar) | The Spread of Socialism | Shows socialism’s global rise and urges democratic control of industry and labor through public stewardship. |
| 1921 (Mar) | Boddy | Indicts society for producing a young Black murderer—race, policing, war training and failed education at fault. |
| 1921 (Mar) | Homicides | Denounces racist propaganda that twists homicide statistics to blame Black people while Black lives are murdered. |
| 1921 (Apr) | A Letter | Condemns the YWCA’s dismissal of Mrs. Talbert, exposing racial insult, institutional injustice, and calling for apology. |
| 1921 (Apr) | The Second Pan-African Congress | Announces the Second Pan-African Congress in Paris, arguing logistics and anti-colonial solidarity unite Black communities. |
| 1921 (Apr) | The Single Tax | Argues land monopoly fuels economic injustice and urges Henry George’s single tax to defend labor and democracy. |
| 1921 (Jun) | Crime | Rejects the myth of Negro crime, cites poverty, ignorance, unjust courts, and urges reforms in labor, schools, justice. |
| 1921 (Jun) | Negro Art | Argues Black art must portray honest human truth about race and life—not mere propaganda or myth. |
| 1921 (Jun) | The Second Pan-African Congress | Urges Pan-African unity and fundraising for the Second Pan-African Congress, mobilizing Black organizations worldwide. |
| 1921 (Oct) | Thomas Jesse Jones | (The Crisis, 1921) criticizes T. J. Jones for imposing white control over Black education, missions and leadership, urging Black representation. |
| 1921 (Nov) | America’s Making | Reports on America’s Making, a pageant documenting racial and immigrant contributions to education, labor, and music. |
| 1921 (Nov) | Ku Klux Klan | Exposes the Ku Klux Klan as a racist, profit-seeking racket whose exposure weakens its hold on democracy. |
| 1921 (Nov) | Manifesto to the League of Nations | 1921 asks the League of Nations to affirm racial equality, study Negro labor, and appoint Black members to Mandates Commission. |
| 1922 (Jan) | Coöperation | Defends cooperative labor among Black Americans, warns of frauds, and showcases successful racial-economic organizing. |
| 1922 (Jan) | Mr. Howard | Urges Perry Howard and Black officials to reject token roles, defend anti-lynching reform, and uphold race dignity. |
| 1922 (Jan) | The World and Us | Argues war-driven unemployment, imperialism, and racist labor exclusion undermine democracy and global disarmament. |
| 1922 (Feb) | Advertising | Argues modern advertising can mobilize indifferent white readers to expose lynching, advancing racial justice and democracy. |
| 1922 (Apr) | The Negro and Labor | Exposes how race and labor intersect: white workers, employers, and imperialism pit Black labor against democracy and rights. |
| 1922 (May) | The President | Denounces Republican race patronage and urges anti-lynching, labor and education reforms to defend democracy. |
| 1922 (May) | Art for Nothing | Warns that underpaying Black artists starves their work and urges fair pay as a racial and labor justice issue. |
| 1922 (May) | Publicity | Insists publicity, public income, property, and occupation records must reform labor, economics, and democracy. |
| 1922 (May) | Social Equality | 1922 argues for social equality for Black Americans, condemning racial contempt and urging refusal to return hatred. |
| 1922 (May) | Truth and Beauty | Urges cultivating Black art and beauty alongside truth, arguing culture and aesthetics vital to racial progress. |
| 1922 (Jun) | White Charity | Critiques white charity for Black communities, urging reparative accountability for race, labor and true freedom. |
| 1922 (Sep) | Flipper | Documents racial injustice in Lt. H.O. Flipper’s 1882 dismissal and calls for congressional redress and rank restoration. |
| 1923 (Jan) | Intentions | Condemns partisan betrayal over the Dyer anti‑lynching bill and urges Black political power, sustained fight for democracy. |
| 1923 (Mar) | Florida | Advises Black migrants against emigrating to Liberia without capital, skills, and health, stressing labor realities. |
| 1923 (Jun) | A University Course in Lynching | Condemns university ‘courses’ that normalize lynching, exposing racial injustice and corruption of American education. |
| 1924 (Jan) | The Black Man and the Wounded World | Argues income-seeking elites, backed by propaganda and law, sustain racial imperialism and deny labor, democracy, education. |
| 1924 (Jan) | Unity | Argues diversity - not enforced unity - is vital to Negro progress and defends the NAACP’s fight for race and democracy. |
| 1924 (Jan) | Vote | Urges Black voters to target traitorous Congress and state candidates, using strategic voting to defend democracy. |
| 1924 (Feb) | To the American Federation of Labor | Warns unions to end racial exclusion and create an Interracial Labor Commission to protect labor rights. |
| 1924 (Feb) | La Follette | Condemns La Follette’s program for ignoring race and the Ku Klux Klan, risking continued injustice for Black Americans. |
| 1924 (May) | A Lunatic or a Traitor | Condemns Marcus Garvey as a dangerous traitor or lunatic who undermines race progress and Black democracy. |
| 1924 (Dec) | Fifteen Years | Urges readers to fund The Crisis, arguing that sustaining the magazine is vital to race, truth, democracy, and reform. |
| 1924 (Dec) | West Indian Immigration | Critiques an immigration bill that bars West Indian migrants, arguing U.S. democracy and racial balance suffer. |
| 1925 (Mar) | Radicals and the Negro | Argues in The Crisis that radicals must include Black emancipation—voting, education, labor and anti-lynching—to defend American democracy. |
| 1925 (May) | The New Crisis | Calls for renewed focus on race, labor, political independence, education, art and international peace. |
| 1925 (May) | Our Book Shelf | Reviews Johnson’s Negro Spirituals and Woofter’s racial study, praising musical heritage and calling for racial fairness. |
| 1925 (Jun) | The Firing Line | Argues the U.S., not Africa or the West Indies, is the racial firing line, urging democratic struggle and voting rights. |
| 1926 (Jan) | Murder | Analyzes rising U.S. murder and lynching in The Crisis (1926), showing how racialized violence undermines democracy and human life. |
| 1926 (Mar) | Correspondence | Defends individuals’ right to interracial marriage while analyzing race, assimilation, and group self-respect. |
| 1926 (Apr) | Again, Pullman Porters | Condemns Pullman’s suppression of Black porters’ labor rights and urges resistance to servile, racialized work. |
| 1926 (Apr) | Criteria of Negro Art | 1926: He argues Black art must fuse Truth, Beauty, and Justice as a force for democracy and freedom from white gatekeepers. |
| 1926 (Jun) | Eugene Debs | Honors Eugene Debs, arguing his labor vision linked race and class—urging interracial labor solidarity for emancipation. |
| 1927 (Jan) | Hayes | Lauds Roland Hayes’s Carnegie Hall triumph as a powerful moment for Black cultural representation and racial pride. |
| 1927 (Jan) | Intermarriage | Counters claims the NAACP endorses interracial marriage, arguing bans breed illegitimacy and strip Black women’s protection. |
| 1927 (Feb) | Lynching | Denounces 1926’s surge in lynching, arguing failed local justice demands federal action to protect Black life and democracy. |
| 1927 (Feb) | Optimism | Rejects naive optimism, celebrates Black self-assertion in race, education, labor, arts, and legal progress. |
| 1927 (Mar) | Aiken | Condemns Aiken’s lynchocracy: Klan rule, racial violence, and democratic failure with officials complicit. |
| 1927 (Mar) | Liberia | Urges sympathy for Liberia, critiques missionary overreach and paternalism, defends Firestone lease, warns corporate power. |
| 1927 (Apr) | The Higher Friction | Argues racial friction moves up to higher stakes—voting, education, lynching, housing—measuring uneven Black progress. |
| 1927 (Aug) | Mob Tactics | Exposes mob tactics: police and mobs criminalize Black Americans, undermine democracy, and urges armed self‑defense. |
| 1927 (Sep) | Browsing Reader - The American Race Problem | Critiques E.B. Reuter’s book as academic, prejudiced, and pessimistic about race, democracy, and Black education. |
| 1927 (Oct) | Death Rates | Argues we must compare Black mortality to its past, not whites, showing major health gains and reduced infant deaths. |
| 1927 (Oct) | Mencken | Rebuts Mencken, arguing racial bias and white readership limit Black artists’ themes while the Renaissance endures. |
| 1927 (Dec) | Pullman Porters | Defends Pullman porters’ labor fight, exposes company bribery and racial barriers, urging sustained union struggle. |
| 1927 (Dec) | Ten Years | Defends the Russian Revolution, denounces Czarist tyranny and Western misinformation, urging recognition of Soviet democracy. |
| 1928 (Jan) | Exclusion | Reveals how racial exclusion in higher learning mocks democracy and Christianity, and exposes the harm of exclusion. |
| 1928 (Feb) | Marcus Garvey and the NAACP | Clears up Garvey–NAACP myths, records their clashes, and urges a truthful pursuit of Black democracy. |
| 1928 (Feb) | Social Equality | Writing in The Crisis (1928), argues for social equality over color-line policy, urging open interracial contact and equal opportunity. |
| 1928 (Mar) | Black and White Workers | Shows Black and white workers share a common struggle for democracy and labor rights, yet prejudice and bosses block solidarity. |
| 1928 (Mar) | Augustus G. Dill | Shows in The Crisis (1928) that democracy hinges on Black voters, warning that anti-vote campaigns undermine race, rights, and progress. |
| 1928 (May) | The Browsing Reader | Critiques Ebony and Topaz as a sprawling Collectanea, arguing that focused booklets would better advance race and culture. |
| 1928 (May) | Our Economic Future | Argues in The Crisis (1928) that Black labor power relies on cooperative manufacturing and consumer co-ops, challenging white-dominated markets. |
| 1928 (Jun) | Darrow | In The Crisis (1928), honors Clarence Darrow’s defense of labor and Black rights, and attacks ministers who favor creed over deeds. |
| 1928 (Aug) | The Negro Voter | Argues the disenfranchised Negro vote can shape democracy when educated, mobilized, and strategically organized. |
| 1928 (Sep) | The Possibility of Democracy | Argues democracy rests on broad citizen participation, condemning racial disfranchisement and illiteracy as threats. |
| 1928 (Oct) | The Possibility of Democracy in America | Argues that American democracy is endangered as Black disfranchisement and white oligarchy reshape voting. |
| 1928 (Nov) | The Dunbar National Bank | Argues the Dunbar National Bank could democratize capital and empower Black leaders to advance racial democracy via credit. |
| 1928 (Nov) | On the Fence | Shows Hoover and Smith align on oligarchy and color caste, urging Black voters to back Congress against the color bar. |
| 1929 (Feb) | DePriest | Defends Oscar DePriest’s election as a step for Black rights and democracy despite political compromises. |
| 1929 (Feb) | Third Party | Argues Southern disfranchisement rigs democracy, blocking Third Party politics and sustaining racialized plutocracy. |
| 1929 (May) | Missionaries | Exposes racial discrimination in U.S. missionary societies, blocking Black missionaries to Africa. |
| 1929 (May) | The Negro Citizen | Argues that Black political power—secure voting rights—is essential to democracy, education, labor and racial justice. |
| 1929 (May) | Optimism | Urges guarded optimism: race progress visible in legal defense, education, labor, and a budding Black arts movement. |
| 1930 (Jan) | About Marrying | Urges marriage if both consent, warning interracial unions will face racial prejudice, social exclusion, job loss. |
| 1930 (Jan) | Gambling | Condemns Wall Street’s loaded-dice gambling, arguing it destroyed credit, labor and faith in American capitalism. |
| 1930 (Jan) | About Wailing | Defends continued ‘wailing’—documenting racial injustice, disfranchisement, poverty, and exclusion despite surface progress. |
| 1930 (Feb) | Smuts | Exposes Jan Smuts’ white-supremacist vision, arguing it denies Black education, labor, and democratic rights. |
| 1930 (May) | The Capital N | Argues that capitalizing Negro affirms racial self-respect and records a press shift tied to civil-rights advocacy. |
| 1930 (May) | Our Program | Argues the NAACP fights race-based barriers, and that color discrimination blocks democracy, economic justice, and peace. |
| 1930 (Aug) | Economic Disenfranchisement | Argues industrial disfranchisement bars Black labor and urges public ownership to secure racial democracy and fair work. |
| 1930 (Aug) | India | Condemns British imperialism, lauds India’s mass nonviolent struggle and warns its success could reshape global democracy. |
| 1931 (Sep) | The Negro and Communism | Critiques Communist tactics in Scottsboro, defends NAACP leadership, and urges legal, labor, and democratic reform. |
| 1932 (Feb) | Lynchings | Exposes lynching as racial caste violence that thrives on denied education, economic oppression, and lack of human rights. |
| 1932 (Mar) | Hawaii | Warns that economic exploitation, racial law bias, and U.S. military power threaten democracy and race relations in Hawaii. |
| 1932 (Mar) | To Your Tents, Oh Israel! | Calls for Black economic self-help: use education and labor skills to build a racial economy, redirecting capital. |
| 1932 (Apr) | Courts and Jails | Condemns Black churches’ and charities’ neglect of incarcerated Black people and exposes race-based injustice in courts. |
| 1932 (Apr) | A Platform for Radicals | Urges radical fiscal transparency—public incomes, property, worker registries—to defend democracy and labor. |
| 1932 (Aug) | Blaine of Maine | Condemns revisionist Civil War myths, defending truth on slavery, Reconstruction, race and democracy. |
| 1932 (Nov) | If I Had a Million Dollars: A Review of the Phelps Stokes Fund | Faults the Phelps Stokes Fund for favoring surveys and white education over Black scholarships and leadership |
| 1933 (Jan) | Toward a New Racial Philosophy | Urges a new racial philosophy: a 12-part reexamination of race, education, labor, health, law and democracy. |
| 1933 (Feb) | Our Health | Links poverty and racial discrimination to high Black death rates and urges income, public health, and anti-segregation action. |
| 1933 (Feb) | Our Rate of Increase | Analyzes Black population decline in birth rate, urging attention to race, health, education and the quality of future generations. |
| 1933 (Mar) | Color Caste in the United States | Exposes the U.S. color caste that denies Black rights in marriage, labor, education and democracy. |
| 1933 (Mar) | Karl Marx and the Negro | Argues Karl Marx grasped labor and opposed slavery, and his theory sheds light on the Black struggle for democracy. |
| 1933 (Apr) | The Right to Work | Urges Black Americans to build cooperative consumer-producer economies to secure labor, race, and democratic power. |
| 1933 (May) | Marxism and The Negro Problem | Argues Marxism explains class exploitation but must be adapted to U.S. race and labor realities to protect Black democracy. |
| 1933 (Jun) | The Strategy of the Negro Voter | Urges Black voters to adopt opportunist tactics—protecting survival while pressing racial, labor and democratic reforms. |
| 1933 (Jul) | Our Class Struggle | Argues Black class struggle pits labor against white capital and urges racial solidarity for delinquents and dependents. |
| 1933 (Aug) | The Negro College | Argues in The Crisis (1933) that Negro colleges must root education in Black experience to defend democracy, labor and race rights. |
| 1933 (Sep) | On Being Ashamed of Oneself | Urges organized racial pride and economic action, diagnosing shame, segregation, and labor exclusion. |
| 1933 (Oct) | Pan-Africa and New Racial Philosophy | Urges Pan‑African unity to confront racial labor exploitation and economic injustice, reclaiming Black agency. |
| 1934 (Jan) | Segregation | Argues voluntary Black self-organization counters racial discrimination and advances economic, educational and labor justice. |
| 1934 (Feb) | The N.A.A.C.P. and Race Segregation | Explains the NAACP’s pragmatic fight against race segregation—defending civil rights, schools, hospitals, and democracy. |
| 1934 (Mar) | Subsistence Homestead Colonies | Argues in The Crisis (1934) that subsistence homestead colonies can empower Black workers, countering racial labor inequality. |
| 1934 (Mar) | Separation and Self-Respect | Argues segregation harms race and democracy, urging Black self-organization, pride, and fight for quality education. |
| 1934 (May) | Violence | Warns that violence, given U.S. demographics, would provoke white backlash, justify repression, and imperil Black democracy. |
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